{"id":3901,"date":"2020-08-19T11:18:25","date_gmt":"2020-08-19T15:18:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/?page_id=3901"},"modified":"2026-03-18T16:09:29","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T20:09:29","slug":"pfas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/pfas\/","title":{"rendered":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-3901\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-3901-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-3901-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-3901-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#phase4\">PFAS P<span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">hase 4: Free PFAS Monitoring Support for Small Waterworks<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/newsreleases\/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos\">On 5\/14\/2025, EPA announced its intent to revise the existing NPDWR PFAS rule. A copy of the EPA announcement can be found here. <\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2025\/06\/PFAS-rule-changes-one-page-key-points.docx\">For overview of key points from the announcement and what they mean for waterworks can be found here. <\/a>- Updated 3\/5\/26<\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-3901-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-3901-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-3901-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-3901-1-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h4><strong>PFAS Rule Information for Waterworks (webinar) - August 25, 2025 - <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/x307m3qDjpY\">Recording<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFAS-Slides-Regulations-1.pdf\">Slides\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/vdh-odw.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?id=c46f0b7b21e2481fafb2f3461ee58d0f\">Click here to visit the ODW PFAS Sampling Interactive Web Map Application.<\/a><\/h4>\n<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that includes PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and many other chemicals. Examples of where PFAS can be found include cleaners, textiles, leather, paper and paints, fire-fighting foams, and wire insulation.<\/p>\n<p>On April 10, 2024 EPA announced the final <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"0\">National Primary Drinking Water Regulation<\/a>\u00a0(see more info below) establishing legally enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for six PFAS in drinking water. Waterworks will have three years to complete initial monitoring (by 2027), followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Waterworks will have five years (by 2029) to implement solution that reduce PFAS levels if monitoring shows that drinking water levels exceed the MCLs.<\/p>\n<p>In response to this regulation, the VDH Office of Drinking Water is working closely with water utility providers to monitor the water that is provided to Virginia residents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-3901-1-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-3901-1-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-3901-1-1-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong>Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFAS-tool-v5.xlsx\">PFAS Initial Monitoring Data Evaluation Tool<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/DCLS-Certified-PFAS-Laboratories-12-1-25.pdf\">DCLS Certified PFAS Laboratories 12-1-25<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFAS-Reporting-FAQ-1-30-26.pdf\">PFAS Reporting FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asdwa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/PFAS-Treatment-Evaluation-Framework-for-Approaching-Permit-Plan-Approval-L3.pdf\">PFAS Treatment Evaluation Framework<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2024\/10\/PFAS-Monitoring-Flow-Chart-JSH-9-23-24.pdf\">PFAS Monitoring Flow Chart<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\">US EPA PFAS Webpage<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/Initial-Monitoring-Requirements.pdf\">Initial System Monitoring Requirements<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-3901-2\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-3901-2-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-3901-2-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_pt_tabs pt-widget-tabs panel-first-child\" data-index=\"3\" >\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-tabs\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"pt-tabs__navigation  nav  nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link  active\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-epa-pfas-rule\" role=\"tab\">EPA PFAS Rule<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-faqs\" role=\"tab\">FAQs<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-va-pfas-sampling\" role=\"tab\">VA PFAS Sampling<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-pfas-resources\" role=\"tab\">PFAS Resources<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-financial-resources\" role=\"tab\">Financial Resources<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-pfas--health\" role=\"tab\">PFAS &amp; Health<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-contact-us\" role=\"tab\">Contact us<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-odw-pfas-studies\" role=\"tab\">ODW PFAS Studies<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"nav-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=\"#tab-ucmr-5-data\" role=\"tab\">UCMR 5 Data<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-tabs__content  tab-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade  in  active\" id=\"tab-epa-pfas-rule\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f3a\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f3a-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f3a-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f3a-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f3a-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h3><b>US EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for PFAS in Drinking Water<\/b><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div class=\"x_L72vd\">\n<div class=\"x_Q8TCC x_customScrollBar\" data-app-section=\"ConversationContainer\" data-is-scrollable=\"true\">\n<div class=\"x_aVla3\">\n<div class=\"x_wide-content-host\">\n<div class=\"x_SlLx9 x_byzS1\">\n<div class=\"x_XbIp4 x_jmmB7 x_GNqVo x_allowTextSelection\">\n<div class=\"x_rps_303\">\n<div lang=\"EN-US\">\n<div class=\"x_x_WordSection1\">\n<p>On April 10, 2024, EPA announced a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) establishing legally enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for six PFAS in drinking water.\u00a0 This includes PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA as contaminants with individual MCLs, and PFAS mixtures containing at least two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index MCL to account for the combined and co-occurring levels of these PFAS in drinking water.<\/p>\n<h4>Webinars from EPA introducing the PFAS Rule<\/h4>\n<ol start=\"1\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"x_MsoListParagraph\"><strong>Webinar for the General Public (April 16, 2024): <\/strong>\n<ul type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"x_MsoListParagraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8zRCCJxRABc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8zRCCJxRABc<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\" type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"x_MsoListParagraph\"><strong>Webinar for Drinking Water Utilities and Professionals Technical Overview: <\/strong>\n<ul type=\"1\">\n<li class=\"x_MsoListParagraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4GNme-9ld6k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"1\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4GNme-9ld6k<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>EPA has finalized health-based, non-enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for these PFAS.<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Compound<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Final MCLG<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Final MCL (enforceable levels)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>PFOA<\/td>\n<td>Zero<\/td>\n<td>4.0 parts per trillion (ppt) (also expressed as ng\/L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PFOS<\/td>\n<td>Zero<\/td>\n<td>4.0 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PFHxS<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PFNA<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HFPO-DA (commonly known as GenX Chemicals)<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<td>10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mixtures containing two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS<\/td>\n<td>1 (unitless)<\/p>\n<p>Hazard Index<\/td>\n<td>1 (unitless)<\/p>\n<p>Hazard Index<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>The final rule requires:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Public water systems must monitor for these PFAS and have three years to complete initial monitoring (by 2027), followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027.<\/li>\n<li>Public water systems have five years (by 2029) to implement solutions that reduce these PFAS if monitoring shows that drinking water levels exceed these MCLs.<\/li>\n<li>Beginning in five years (2029), public water systems that have PFAS in drinking water which violates one or more of these MCLs must take action to reduce levels of these PFAS in their drinking water and must provide notification to the public of the violation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additional supporting materials, including a frequently asked questions document and several facts sheets, are available on EPA\u2019s website: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-faqs\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f3e\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f3e-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f3e-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f3e-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-accordion panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f3e-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-accordion so-widget-sow-accordion-default-a3b11aadc7d9-3901\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><div>\n\t<div class=\"sow-accordion\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-are-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-are-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-are-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat are PFAS?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-are-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-are-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPFAS are man-made, industrially produced compounds.\u00a0 Production of these chemicals began in the 1940s and there are now more than 14,000 different chemicals in the PFAS family.\u00a0 A wide variety of products, including stain-resistant fabric coatings, non-stick coatings (Teflon), food packaging, and firefighting foam, contain PFAS.\u00a0\u00a0 PFAS are classified as contaminants of emerging concern, meaning that research into the harm they may cause to human health is still ongoing. The most commonly studied PFAS are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). PFOA, PFOS, and other PFAS are highly resistant to break down in the environment.\u00a0 Human exposure can occur by eating, drinking, or inhaling.\u00a0 EPA reports that scientists have found traces of one or more PFAS in the blood of a high percentage of people they tested, and that PFAS are found throughout the environment.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-is-the-pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-is-the-pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-is-the-pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat is the PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation? \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-is-the-pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-is-the-pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>On April 26, 2024, EPA\u2019s PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (the PFAS Rule) was published in the Federal Register.\u00a0 The PFAS Rule established legally enforceable levels for six PFAS known to occur individually and\/or as mixtures in drinking water. Under the PFAS Rule, EPA will regulate five PFAS chemicals as individual compounds. They are PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and HFPO-DA. EPA will also regulate four PFAS chemicals as a mixture: PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS.<\/p>\n<p>PFAS can often be found together and in varying combinations as mixtures. Decades of research show mixtures of different chemicals can have additive health effects, even if the individual chemicals are each present at lower levels. With this rule, EPA has set limits for these chemicals individually and\/or as mixtures.<\/p>\n<p>On May 14, 2025, EPA announced that it will keep the current regulations for PFOA and PFOS.\u00a0 EPA also announced that it intends to rescind the regulations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA (Gen-X), and the Hazard Index, and reconsider the regulatory determinations that led to these regulations.\u00a0 EPA intends to issue a proposed rule in late 2025 and finalize that rule in the spring of 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-are-the-enforceable-limits-for-pfas-compounds-in-drinking-water-established-by-this-regulation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-are-the-enforceable-limits-for-pfas-compounds-in-drinking-water-established-by-this-regulation\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-are-the-enforceable-limits-for-pfas-compounds-in-drinking-water-established-by-this-regulation\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat are the enforceable limits for PFAS compounds in drinking water established by this regulation?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-are-the-enforceable-limits-for-pfas-compounds-in-drinking-water-established-by-this-regulation\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-are-the-enforceable-limits-for-pfas-compounds-in-drinking-water-established-by-this-regulation\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe specific limits, as set by the 2024 PFAS Rule, are:\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\"><strong>PFAS Compound<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"115\"><strong>MCL <sup>(1)<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">4.0 ppt<sup>(2)<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">4.0 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO\u2013DA)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">10 ppt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">A Hazard Index (HI) MCL to account for dose-additive health effects for mixtures that could include two or more of four PFAS (PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO\u2013DA, and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS)).<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">HI = 1 <sup>(3)<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"363\">NOTES:<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"478\">(1) The MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level) is the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"478\">(2) ppt = parts per trillion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"478\">(3) The Hazard Index (HI) is a number that is calculated based on the contaminants present and their concentrations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nFor more information on MCLs visit EPA's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ground-water-and-drinking-water\/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations\">National Primary Drinking Water Regulations webpage.<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-does-this-mean-for-public-drinking-water-systems\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-does-this-mean-for-public-drinking-water-systems\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-does-this-mean-for-public-drinking-water-systems\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat does this mean for public drinking water systems?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-does-this-mean-for-public-drinking-water-systems\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-does-this-mean-for-public-drinking-water-systems\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublic water systems (waterworks) must complete the initial monitoring requirements by April 26, 2027. They must inform the public of the level of PFAS measured in their drinking water by April 26, 2027.\u00a0 Per the current PFAS Rule, they must implement solutions to reduce PFAS in their drinking water to levels below the standards by April 26, 2029.\u00a0 EPA has indicated that they intend to extend the compliance date to April 26, 2031, but that date is dependent upon the issuance of a revised rule.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"how-many-waterworks-will-be-impacted-by-this-rule\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-how-many-waterworks-will-be-impacted-by-this-rule\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-how-many-waterworks-will-be-impacted-by-this-rule\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow many waterworks will be impacted by this Rule? \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-how-many-waterworks-will-be-impacted-by-this-rule\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-how-many-waterworks-will-be-impacted-by-this-rule\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThere are over 1,600 community plus nontransient noncommunity waterworks in Virginia that are subject to the PFAS drinking water rule. Most of these systems will primarily have to conduct monitoring to confirm that they do not have PFAS at levels exceeding the regulatory standards. EPA estimates that between about 6% and 10% of public drinking water systems nationwide may have to take action to reduce PFAS to meet these new standards.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"can-i-drink-my-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-can-i-drink-my-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-can-i-drink-my-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCan I drink my water? \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-can-i-drink-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-can-i-drink-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEPA estimates that between about 6% and 10% of the public drinking water systems subject to this rule may have to take action to reduce PFAS to meet these new standards.\u00a0 That\u2019s why you should contact your local water utility to find out more about your drinking water, including what contaminants may be present. You should ask if they are monitoring for PFAS, what the levels are, and whether any response actions are needed and are being taken. The standards in this rule are set to reduce PFAS to the lowest levels that are feasible for effective implementation.\u00a0 If you are concerned about the level of PFAS in your drinking water, consider installing in-home water treatment (e.g., filters) that are certified to lower the levels of PFAS in your water. For more information on home filters go to: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-04\/water-filter-fact-sheet.pdf.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"how-can-pfas-get-into-drinking-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-how-can-pfas-get-into-drinking-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-how-can-pfas-get-into-drinking-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow can PFAS get into drinking water?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-how-can-pfas-get-into-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-how-can-pfas-get-into-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPFAS can enter drinking water at sites where they are made, used, disposed of, or spilled. PFAS can be found in the air near manufacturing facilities and can enter rainwater. PFAS are very mobile and can be transported through rainwater run-off and enter surface water (lakes, ponds, etc.) or seep through the soil and migrate into ground water (underground sources of drinking water). Because PFAS are very long-lasting and are not easily broken down by sunlight or other natural processes, they may remain in the environment for many years.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nIf a public water system or your private well gets its water from a surface or ground water source that is contaminated with PFAS, and the water is not properly treated to remove the PFAS, the chemicals may be in your drinking water and can pass into your body when you ingest (drink or eat food cooked in) them.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"where-does-my-drinking-water-come-from\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-where-does-my-drinking-water-come-from\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-where-does-my-drinking-water-come-from\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhere does my drinking water come from?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-where-does-my-drinking-water-come-from\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-where-does-my-drinking-water-come-from\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIf you receive a water bill, your water comes from a public water supply. If you do not pay for your water, but you live in a rented apartment, manufactured home park or other similar community you may still receive water from a public water supply. Inquire with the property manager about your water source. If your water does not come from a public water supply, it comes from a private water system. \u00a0 Private water system sources include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Well<\/li>\n \t<li>Rainwater\u00a0Cistern<\/li>\n \t<li>Spring<\/li>\n \t<li>Pond<\/li>\n \t<li>Hauled Water<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nVirginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water regulates public water systems, which are systems that provide\u00a0water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or serves at least 25 people for at least 60 days each year. This includes water used for drinking, food preparation, bathing, showering, tooth brushing, and dishwashing. Public water systems range in size from large municipalities to small churches and restaurants relying on a single well.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"how-do-i-know-if-i-have-pfas-in-my-drinking-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-how-do-i-know-if-i-have-pfas-in-my-drinking-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-how-do-i-know-if-i-have-pfas-in-my-drinking-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow do I know if I have PFAS in my drinking water?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-how-do-i-know-if-i-have-pfas-in-my-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-how-do-i-know-if-i-have-pfas-in-my-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA person will not be able to see, smell, or taste PFAS in his or her drinking water. Analysis of a water sample at a laboratory certified to test for PFAS is the only way to know for sure whether drinking water has been contaminated with PFAS.\n\nIf you are concerned about PFAS in your drinking water, EPA recommends you contact your local water utility to learn more about your drinking water and to see whether they have monitoring data for PFAS or can provide any specific recommendations for your community.\n\nIf you own a home drinking water well, EPA recommends learning more about how to protect and maintain your well for all contaminants of concern. For information on home drinking water wells visit:\u00a0http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/safewater.\n\nAdditionally, if you are concerned about levels of PFAS found in your drinking water, consider actions that may reduce your exposure including installing a home or point of use filter or using an alternative water source, if possible, while steps are being taken to further understand levels of concern.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-are-the-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-are-the-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-are-the-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat are the health effects of exposure to PFAS?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-are-the-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-are-the-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is important to keep in mind that exposure to PFAS does not always mean a person will have health effects. Whether or not a person experiences a health effect from exposure to PFAS depends on how long a person was exposed (duration), how often they were exposed (frequency), and how much PFAS they were exposed to (dose). Personal factors like age, lifestyle, and other illnesses may also determine if a person experiences a health effect from exposure to PFAS. There are many chemicals in the PFAS family, and they may cause different health effects. The health effects of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA have been more widely studied than other chemicals in the PFAS family. Some, but not all, studies in humans with PFAS exposure have shown that certain PFAS may:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and children;<\/li>\n \t<li>Lower a woman\u2019s chance of getting pregnant;<\/li>\n \t<li>Interfere with the body\u2019s natural hormones;<\/li>\n \t<li>Increase cholesterol levels;<\/li>\n \t<li>Affect the immune system; or<\/li>\n \t<li>Increase the risk of certain cancers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nScientists are still learning about the health effects of exposures to mixtures of PFAS. For the most part, laboratory animals exposed to high doses of one or more PFAS have shown changes in liver, thyroid, and pancreatic function, as well as some changes in hormone levels. Because animals and humans process these chemicals differently, more research will help scientists fully understand how PFAS affect human health.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"how-can-i-limit-my-potential-exposure-to-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-how-can-i-limit-my-potential-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-how-can-i-limit-my-potential-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow can I limit my potential exposure to PFAS?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-how-can-i-limit-my-potential-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-how-can-i-limit-my-potential-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCompletely eliminating exposure to PFAS is not practical because they are so common throughout the world. PFAS are also present in many consumer products. Learning about the presence of PFAS in consumer products and avoiding or limiting exposure to these products can help reduce PFAS exposures.\n\nBecause many household products like carpeting and upholstery contain PFAS, ingestion of household dust can also be a route of exposure, especially for infants and young children through hand to mouth contact. Household surfaces should be dusted regularly to lower the amount of dust in the house.\n\nPFAS exposure through drinking water can be reduced by treating the water using reverse osmosis or activated carbon filtration units, or by using an alternative source of water that is not contaminated. \u00a0 In general, dermal contact with water is not a health concern because PFAS are not readily absorbed through the skin. Using water that contains PFAS for showering, bathing, laundry, or household cleaning is not likely to significantly increase your risk.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"should-i-stop-breastfeeding-my-infant\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-should-i-stop-breastfeeding-my-infant\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-should-i-stop-breastfeeding-my-infant\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShould I stop breastfeeding my infant?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-should-i-stop-breastfeeding-my-infant\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-should-i-stop-breastfeeding-my-infant\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEPA encourages women and people who are currently pregnant, nursing, or bottle feeding an infant with formula to consult with their physician regarding concerns related to breastfeeding and potential exposure to chemicals such as PFOA, PFOS, GenX chemicals (i.e., HFPO-DA and its ammonium salt), PFHxS, PFNA, and PFBS. For more information about PFAS and breastfeeding, visit the \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/prevent-exposure\/breastfeeding.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/pfas-breastfeeding.html\">CDC's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"does-bathing-showering-with-my-tap-water-present-a-health-risk\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-does-bathingshowering-with-my-tap-water-present-a-health-risk\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-does-bathingshowering-with-my-tap-water-present-a-health-risk\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDoes bathing\/showering with my tap water present a health risk?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-does-bathingshowering-with-my-tap-water-present-a-health-risk\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-does-bathingshowering-with-my-tap-water-present-a-health-risk\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStudies have shown that only a small amount of PFAS can get into your body through skin. Hence, neither bathing nor showering are likely to be primary routes of PFOA, PFOS, GenX chemicals (i.e., HFPO-DA and its ammonium salt), PFHxS, PFNA, or PFBS exposure.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"can-i-boil-pfas-out-of-my-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-can-i-boil-pfas-out-of-my-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-can-i-boil-pfas-out-of-my-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCan I boil PFAS out of my water?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-can-i-boil-pfas-out-of-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-can-i-boil-pfas-out-of-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNo. These chemicals cannot be removed by heating or boiling water.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f3e-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-accordion panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f3e-0-0-1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-accordion so-widget-sow-accordion-default-a3b11aadc7d9-3901\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><div>\n\t<div class=\"sow-accordion\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"should-i-drink-bottled-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-should-i-drink-bottled-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-should-i-drink-bottled-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShould I drink bottled water?    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-should-i-drink-bottled-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-should-i-drink-bottled-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDeciding whether to buy and drink bottled water is a personal choice. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates food, including bottled water. The FDA has not established standards for any PFAS in bottled water at this time, but now that EPA has finalized these standards, the FDA is required under Section 410 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to evaluate what PFAS standards are appropriate for bottled water.\u00a0 FDA has analyzed for PFAS in bottled water (carbonated and non-carbonated) through a targeted survey (2016) and through the FDA\u2019s Total Diet Study samples. Results from the studies did not detect PFAS in any sample. The FDA is currently conducting an additional targeted survey for PFAS in bottled water and results will be posted on the FDA\u2019s website when complete. If you have questions about bottled water, please contact the FDA at: 1-888INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332).\n\nIndividuals who are concerned about PFAS in their water may wish to consider in-home water treatment filters that are certified to lower PFAS levels in water. Learn more about these filters at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-04\/water-filter-fact-sheet.pdf\">EPA Water Filter Fact Sheet<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"how-much-of-my-exposure-to-pfas-is-through-drinking-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-how-much-of-my-exposure-to-pfas-is-through-drinking-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-how-much-of-my-exposure-to-pfas-is-through-drinking-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow much of my exposure to PFAS is through drinking water?   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-how-much-of-my-exposure-to-pfas-is-through-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-how-much-of-my-exposure-to-pfas-is-through-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPFAS in drinking water can be a significant portion of a person\u2019s total PFAS exposure in places where there is PFAS drinking water contamination.\u00a0 Exactly how much of a person\u2019s exposure comes from drinking water depends on a range of variables, including the levels of PFAS present in their drinking water, as well as other environmental factors like proximity to industrial sites that may release PFAS into the air, water, or soil. The types of products people use in their daily lives that may contain PFAS include nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, and certain water- or sweat-resistant cosmetics. Some people may also have higher levels of exposure through their work, like firefighters who may use fire-fighting foam that contains PFAS. All of these factors make it difficult to determine exactly how much of a person\u2019s exposure comes through any single source.\u00a0 People can be exposed to many different PFAS at the same time, which can magnify these health risks. Reducing your exposure to PFAS lowers your risk for these health problems.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"should-i-use-a-filter-to-reduce-levels-of-pfas-in-my-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-should-i-use-a-filter-to-reduce-levels-of-pfas-in-my-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-should-i-use-a-filter-to-reduce-levels-of-pfas-in-my-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShould I use a filter to reduce levels of PFAS in my water?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-should-i-use-a-filter-to-reduce-levels-of-pfas-in-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-should-i-use-a-filter-to-reduce-levels-of-pfas-in-my-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe more you reduce your exposure to PFAS, the more you reduce your risk. Many water pitcher filters and other home-based water filters are able to reduce the levels of PFAS in drinking water. If you decide to use a filter, look for ones that are certified to reduce PFAS. Be aware that current filters on the market will not yet be certified to reduce PFAS to the new EPA standards, but the added filtration they provide can help reduce your exposure.\u00a0 More information on in-home water filters is available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-11\/documents\/2005_11_17_faq_fs_healthseries_filtration.pdf\">EPA Water Filter Fact Sheet<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"besides-drinking-water-how-else-can-people-be-exposed-to-pfoa-pfos-genx-chemicals-pfbs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-besides-drinking-water-how-else-can-people-be-exposed-to-pfoapfosgenx-chemicalspfbs\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-besides-drinking-water-how-else-can-people-be-exposed-to-pfoapfosgenx-chemicalspfbs\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBesides drinking water, how else can people be exposed to [PFOA\/PFOS\/GenX chemicals\/PFBS]?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-besides-drinking-water-how-else-can-people-be-exposed-to-pfoapfosgenx-chemicalspfbs\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-besides-drinking-water-how-else-can-people-be-exposed-to-pfoapfosgenx-chemicalspfbs\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPFOA and PFOS were widely used to make carpets, clothing, fabrics for furniture, paper packaging for food, and other materials that are resistant to water, grease or stains. They were also used for firefighting at airfields and in a number of industrial processes. Many of these uses were phased out by U.S. manufacturers in the mid-2000s but some uses remain. GenX chemicals are replacements for PFOA, and PFBS is a replacement for PFOS.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nIn addition to drinking water, people may be exposed to these chemicals through breathing air contaminated with PFAS chemicals or to a lesser degree, through dermal contact with products containing PFAS chemicals such as clothing or furniture. Pathways for PFAS exposure is an area of research that is still developing.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-if-i-am-concerned-about-pfas-and-i-use-my-own-well\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-if-i-am-concerned-about-pfas-and-i-use-my-own-well\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-if-i-am-concerned-about-pfas-and-i-use-my-own-well\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat if I am concerned about PFAS and I use my own well?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-if-i-am-concerned-about-pfas-and-i-use-my-own-well\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-if-i-am-concerned-about-pfas-and-i-use-my-own-well\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe quality and safety of drinking water from wells that service fewer than 25 persons, such as most household wells, are not regulated by the federal government under the Safe Drinking Water Act nor by many state governments and laws. To ensure that safe drinking water is provided to their households, EPA recommends that you test your household well annually for total coliform bacteria, nitrates, total dissolved solids, and pH levels. If you choose to test your water yourself, it is important to use a state-certified laboratory using EPA-developed testing methods.\n\nYou can also:\u00a0 Contact your state environmental or health agency for detailed advice or to obtain a list of state-certified laboratories using EPA-developed testing methods in drinking water. The\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/lams.nelac-institute.org\/\">National Environmental Laboratory\u00a0 Accreditation Management System<\/a> website may also be helpful in finding a laboratory to test for PFAS.\n<ul>\n \t<li>If you remain concerned about the level of PFAS in your drinking water:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Contact your state environmental protection agency or health department and your local water utility to find out what actions they recommend.<\/li>\n \t<li>If possible, consider using an alternate water source for drinking, preparing food, cooking, brushing teeth, preparing baby formula, and any other activity when your family might swallow water.<\/li>\n \t<li>Consider installing in-home water treatment (e.g., filters) that is certified to lower the levels of PFAS in your water. Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-11\/documents\/2005_11_17_faq_fs_healthseries_filtration.pdf\">EPA Home Water Filters Factsheet for more information.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-is-epa-doing-to-help-household-well-owners\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-is-epa-doing-to-help-household-well-owners\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-is-epa-doing-to-help-household-well-owners\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat is EPA doing to help household well owners?  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-is-epa-doing-to-help-household-well-owners\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-is-epa-doing-to-help-household-well-owners\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPrivate well owners are responsible for assuring safe drinking water for their households. The quality and safety of drinking water from private domestic wells are not regulated by the federal government under the Safe Drinking Water Act nor by most state governments and laws.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nWith this announcement of the PFAS regulation, EPA is also announcing nearly $1 billion in available funding for states and territories, through the Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities (EC-SDC) Grant Program, which can be used for initial testing and treatment at both public water systems and to help owners of household wells address PFAS contamination. Learn more using link 3 below.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nEPA is updating the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/emerging-contaminants-ec-small-or-disadvantaged-communities-grant-sdc\">EC-SDC<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/wiin-grant-small-underserved-and-disadvantaged-communities-grant-program-0\">Small, Underserved, and Disadvantaged Communities (SUDC)<\/a> grant programs so that states can further assist household well owners to address drinking water contaminants.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nIn addition, EPA is providing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/training-and-technical-assistance-small-systems-funding\">training and technical assistance<\/a> (TA) to owners and managers of private drinking water wells and to the technical assistance providers that serve private well owners and\/or are charged with protecting public health. Under this grant, the TA provider can provide test kits to test for emerging contaminants, such as PFAS, and provide follow-up technical assistance to household well owners who receive results indicating contamination.\u00a0 For more on these grants visit:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ol>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/training-and-technical-assistance-small-systems-funding\"> Training and technical assistance <\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/emerging-contaminants-ec-small-or-disadvantaged-communities-grant-sdc\"> Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities Grant Program <\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwcapacity\/wiin-grant-small-underserved-and-disadvantaged-communities-grant-program-0\"> Small, Underserved, or Disadvantaged Communities Grant Program <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-funding-is-available-to-address-pfas-in-drinking-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-funding-is-available-to-address-pfas-in-drinking-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-funding-is-available-to-address-pfas-in-drinking-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat funding is available to address PFAS in drinking water?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-funding-is-available-to-address-pfas-in-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-funding-is-available-to-address-pfas-in-drinking-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo help communities on the frontlines of PFAS contamination, EPA is providing $5 billion in grant funding over the course of fiscal years 2022-2026 through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities Grant Program. This funding can be used to reduce PFAS and other emerging contaminants in drinking water in underserved communities. Eligible uses include efforts that benefit small or disadvantaged communities in testing and remediating emerging contaminants, including water filtration.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"what-additional-resources-are-available-to-address-pfas-in-water\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-what-additional-resources-are-available-to-address-pfas-in-water\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-what-additional-resources-are-available-to-address-pfas-in-water\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat additional resources are available to address PFAS in water?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-what-additional-resources-are-available-to-address-pfas-in-water\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-what-additional-resources-are-available-to-address-pfas-in-water\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities Grant Program complements nearly $1 billion in FY22 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) State Revolving Fund (SRF) funding dedicated specifically to addressing emerging contaminants like PFAS, the first of $5 billion between now and 2026. Communities can also use funding through the general and BIL supplemental SRF, totaling over $23 billion over the next 5 years to address emerging contaminants in water.\n\nThis webpage\u00a0and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/dwsrf\/\">VDH Drinking Water State Revolving Fund webpage<\/a> contain more information on the available resources including funding.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-va-pfas-sampling\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f41\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f41-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f41-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f41-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>The Workgroup is in the process of designing a PFAS Sampling &amp; Monitoring study in Virginia drinking water. Per HB586, no more than 50 waterworks and\/or water sources will be covered under this sampling event. Selection of such waterworks and water sources will be based on two major criteria i.e. protecting public health, and\u00a0maximum risk reduction.<\/p>\n<p>Sample Training Webinar slides from April 14, 2021:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/05\/2021-04-14-VA-PFAS-Sampling-Training-Webinar-slides.pdf\">Sampling for PFAS<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/05\/2021-04-14-PFAS-Sampling-Training-What-to-expect-after-sampling.pdf\">What to Expect after Sampling<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Below is the VA PFAS Sampling Training Video.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"VA PFAS Sampling Training Webinar - April 14, 2021\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kAE6WCu9Y50?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-pfas-resources\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f42\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f42-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f42-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f42-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-accordion panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f42-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-accordion so-widget-sow-accordion-default-66bbb6f063c7-3901\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">PFAS Resources by Type<\/h3><div>\n\t<div class=\"sow-accordion\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"federal-resources\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-federal-resources\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-federal-resources\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFEDERAL RESOURCES\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-federal-resources\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-federal-resources\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwreginfo\/pfas-rule-implementation\">EPA Guideline on PFAS Rule Implementation<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\">US. EPA Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/index.html\">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Your Health webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.denix.osd.mil\/army-pfas\/home\/\">Department of Development Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Network and Information Exchange Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/chemicals\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\">US. Food and Drug Administration information on PFAS in food and food packaging<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"organizational-resources\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-organizational-resources\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-organizational-resources\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-organizational-resources\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-organizational-resources\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asdwa.org\/pfas\/\">Association of State Drinking Water Administrators Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) State Drinking Water Program Challenges webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2025\/03\/DRAFT-VDH-MANDATE-Legislative-Report-3.21.25.pdf\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">PFAS\/LCRI Implementation Cost Study<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pfas-1.itrcweb.org\/\">Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) PFAS \u2014 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/asdwa.org\/\">Association of State Drinking Water Administrators\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngwa.org\/what-is-groundwater\/groundwater-issues\/Groundwater-and-PFAS\">National Groundwater Association Groundwater and PFAS webpage<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasonline.org\/\">National Academy of Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/09\/VA-PFAS-Sample-Study-Summary.pdf\">VA PFAS Sample Study Summary<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFAS-Reporting-FAQ-1-30-26.pdf\">PFAS Reporting FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/DCLS-Certified-PFAS-Laboratories-12-1-25.pdf\">DCLS Certified PFAS Laboratories 12-1-25<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-financial-resources\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f44\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f44-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f44-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f44-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f44-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<div data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">\n<div data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">Funding to help address PFAS contamination in drinking water is available to public and private community water systems (and non-profit non-community water systems) from the Financial &amp; Construction Assistance Programs (FCAP) division of the Office of Drinking Water at the Virginia Department of Health (VDH). FCAP funding includes low-cost loans, and for waterworks serving areas designated as disadvantaged, the waterworks may qualify for principal forgiveness of their loans which means the loan does not have to be paid back. Communities where the monthly average water rate is higher than 1% of the median household monthly income are considered disadvantaged.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>FCAP\u2019s available funding comes from two main sources - the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), also known as\u00a0the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL). The deadline to apply for DWSRF and BIL funding is typically at the beginning of May each year and one application covers both funding sources. Additional information and the current application\u00a0for this funding may be found at\u00a0<u><a id=\"OWA01010681-9097-6cb8-9a58-72615a92728b\" title=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/fcap\/drinking-water-funding-program\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/fcap\/drinking-water-funding-program\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"0\">FCAP Funding Info<\/a><\/u>.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Waterworks wishing to apply for funding should first contact the FCAP Project Manager located closest to the waterworks as indicated in the staff directory located at\u00a0<u><a id=\"OWA17e18972-a648-a918-231a-b1bdb1ffb640\" title=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/fcap\/directory\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/fcap\/directory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"1\">FCAP Staff Directory<\/a><\/u>.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>The Division of Technical Services within VDH also has a funding program to address PFAS issues known as the\u00a0<i>Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities\u00a0(EC-SDC) Grant Program<\/i>. A \u201cSmall Community\u201d is one that has a population of less than 10,000 individuals that does not have the capacity to incur debt sufficient to finance a project or activity addressing PFAS. Small communities are also eligible for principal forgiveness funding. Communities meeting the disadvantaged criteria above are also eligible to apply for this grant. More information on this grant program is available\u00a0<u><a id=\"OWAc6a262cd-4408-fd64-550e-eca5c96ce6cd\" title=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/emerging-contaminants-in-small-or-disadvantaged-communities-ecsdc-grant-program\/#:~:text=or%20disadvantaged%20communities.-,The%20Emerging%20Contaminants%20in%20Small%20or%20Disadvantaged%20Communities%20(EC%2DSDC,address%20emerging%20contaminants%2C%20including%20PFAS.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/emerging-contaminants-in-small-or-disadvantaged-communities-ecsdc-grant-program\/#:~:text=or%20disadvantaged%20communities.-,The%20Emerging%20Contaminants%20in%20Small%20or%20Disadvantaged%20Communities%20(EC%2DSDC,address%20emerging%20contaminants%2C%20including%20PFAS.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"2\">here<\/a><\/u>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-pfas--health\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f46\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f46-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f46-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f46-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>PFAS may enter a person\u2019s body when they drink water or eat food that has been contaminated with PFAS. Unborn babies may be exposed to PFAS if their mother ingests PFAS while she is pregnant, and babies may be exposed through breastmilk. Inhalation of PFAS contaminated water can be a source of industrial exposures for employees (see the Business and Employee Exposure section below). PFAS are also present in many consumer products. Studies in humans and animals show that there may be negative health effects from exposure to certain PFAS. Completely stopping exposure to PFAS is not practical, because they are so common and present throughout the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f46-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-accordion panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-accordion so-widget-sow-accordion-default-7db32168f3bd-3901\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><div>\n\t<div class=\"sow-accordion\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PFAS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-health-effects-of-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is important to keep in mind that exposure to PFAS does not always mean a person will have health effects. Whether or not a person gets sick from exposure to PFAS depends on how long a person was exposed (duration), how often they were exposed (frequency), and how much PFAS they were exposed to (dose). Personal factors like age, lifestyle, and other illnesses may also determine whether or not a person gets sick from exposure to PFAS.\n\nThere are many chemicals in the PFAS family, and they may cause different health effects if you are exposed to them. The health effects of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA have been more widely studied than other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).\n\nSome, but not all, studies in humans with PFAS exposure have shown that certain PFAS may:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and children;<\/li>\n \t<li>Lower a woman\u2019s chance of getting pregnant;<\/li>\n \t<li>Interfere with the body\u2019s natural hormones;<\/li>\n \t<li>Increase cholesterol levels;<\/li>\n \t<li>Affect the immune system; or<\/li>\n \t<li>Increase the risk of certain cancers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nScientists are still learning about the health effects of exposures to mixtures of PFAS.\n\nFor the most part, laboratory animals exposed to high doses of one or more of these PFAS have shown changes in liver, thyroid, and pancreatic function, as well as some changes in hormone levels. Because animals and humans process these chemicals differently, more research will help scientists fully understand how PFAS affect human health.\n\nThe available data suggest that PFAS are not metabolized nor do they undergo chemical reactions in the body. Perfluoroalkyls are primarily excreted in the urine. There are substantial differences in the time it takes for PFAS to be eliminated from the human body and animal species. The estimated time to reduce PFAS in the human body by 50% is 2.1-8.5 years for PFOA, 3.1-7.4 years for PFOS, 4.7-15 years for PFHxS, and 2.5-4.3 years for PFNA. Much shorter timeframes for elimination have been estimated in experimental animals.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"ways-to-reduce-exposure-to-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-ways-to-reduce-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-ways-to-reduce-exposure-to-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWAYS TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO PFAS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-ways-to-reduce-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-ways-to-reduce-exposure-to-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBecause PFAS are so widespread in the environment, it is difficult to avoid all exposure to PFAS chemicals. You may be able to reduce your exposure by avoiding water that is known to be contaminated with PFAS chemicals.\n\nIf PFAS are present in drinking water, filtering the water or using an alternative source can reduce exposure to PFAS.\n\nPFAS are present in many consumer products. Be an informed consumer and research if manufacturers are using PFAS in packaging or the manufacture of products (i.e. clothing, carpet). If you want to reduce your family\u2019s exposure, consider limiting the use of household products that were made using chemicals in the PFAS family.\n\nSome of these products include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Nonstick cookware, like pots and pans<\/li>\n \t<li>Furniture and carpet that is stain-resistant<\/li>\n \t<li>Clothing treated with water, stain, or dirt repellant<\/li>\n \t<li>Non-stick food packaging, like French fry cartons, microwave popcorn bags, and pizza boxes<\/li>\n \t<li>Makeup and other personal care products that have ingredients with \u201cfluoro\u201d or \u201cperfluoro\u201d in the name<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nNote: not all non-stick coatings are PFAS-based.\n\nThe federal Food and Drug Administration provides additional information on PFAS in food and food packaging at:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/chemicals\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\">fda.gov\/food\/chemicals\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas<\/a>.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"pregnant-and-nursing-women\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-pregnant-and-nursing-women\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-pregnant-and-nursing-women\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPREGNANT AND NURSING WOMEN\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-pregnant-and-nursing-women\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-pregnant-and-nursing-women\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPregnant and nursing women may be more susceptible than the general population to the health effects of PFAS. As a precautionary measure, pregnant and nursing women may want to consider treating their water source to remove the type of PFAS present or use an alternate water source for drinking, making ice, brushing teeth and preparing food. Women who are planning to become pregnant may wish to take steps to reduce their exposure to PFAS, due to the slow elimination of PFAS from the human body.\n\nUnborn babies may be exposed to PFAS through their umbilical cordre blood if their mother ingests PFAS before and while she is pregnant, and babies may be exposed through breastmilk. Research suggests that fetuses and infants are more vulnerable to exposure to PFAS. Long-term exposure to PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS leads to a buildup of these chemicals in women of child-bearing age that results in more exposure to the fetus and breastfed infants. Breastfeeding provides many health benefits to both a mother and infant. VDH recommends that women currently breastfeeding, and pregnant women who plan to breastfeed, continue to do so. For information about , see the VDH breastfeeding webpage\n\nBottle-fed infants are also of concern because they drink more water per body weight than adults. If you are concerned about exposure through bottle feeding, consider using an alternative water source or filtered drinking water for making formula. This can lower exposure to PFAS for your infant.\n\nPlease consult with your healthcare provider with any concerns.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"children\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-children\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-children\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCHILDREN\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-children\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-children\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tChildren have different exposure circumstances that make them especially sensitive to environmental contaminants, like PFAS. Understanding these differences is key for evaluating potential for environmental hazards from pollutants. Children consume more of certain foods and water relative to body weight than adults. That means the same glass of water with the same PFAS concentration level results in greater exposure to a child versus an adult, even though they are drinking the same amount. Children also do not excrete chemicals as easily as adults, because the enzymes in their bodies that break down contaminants are still developing. That increases the chances for contaminants such as PFAS to interfere with a child\u2019s growth and development. In addition, young children tend to play close to the ground and come into contact with contaminated soil outdoors. To ensure the protection of children and other sensitive populations, the Ohio PFAS Action Levels are set to protect the most sensitive populations, thereby protecting the health of all populations in Ohio.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"household-pets\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-household-pets\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-household-pets\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHOUSEHOLD PETS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-household-pets\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-household-pets\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSince many household pets are smaller than people, they also consume more of certain foods and water relative to their body weight than people. That means that the same bowl of water with the same PFAS concentration results in greater exposure to household pets, even though they may be drinking the same amount. As a precaution, if you have elevated levels of PFAS in your water, you should consider using alternative water for your household pets.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"testing-your-blood-for-pfas\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-testing-your-blood-for-pfas\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-testing-your-blood-for-pfas\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTESTING YOUR BLOOD FOR PFAS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-testing-your-blood-for-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-testing-your-blood-for-pfas\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWhile a PFAS blood test measures how much of specific PFAS are in a person\u2019s body at the time of the test, there are limitations. A PFAS blood test cannot:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Tell you where or how you were exposed to PFAS found in your body;<\/li>\n \t<li>Tell you what, if any, health problems might occur or have occurred because of PFAS in your body; or<\/li>\n \t<li>Be used by your doctor to guide treatment decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nMeasuring a person\u2019s exposure to PFAS and monitoring potential impacts on human health is best addressed through consultation with a physician. VDH has and will continue to provide information and recommendations to healthcare providers to help providers and patients make informed decisions about what PFAS exposure might mean for an individual\u2019s health. There is no recommendation from VDH or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that clinicians should test patients for PFAS. Please consult your healthcare provider if you have concerns regarding PFAS exposure.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<strong>PFAS Testing for Individuals\u00a0<\/strong>\n\nVDH does not generally recommend testing your blood for PFAS. Physicians will not be able to treat a specific health issue using the result from this test. Please consult your healthcare provider if you have concerns regarding PFAS exposure.\n\nA blood test for PFAS can tell you what your levels are at the time the blood was drawn, but not whether levels in your body are \u201csafe\u201d or \u201cunsafe.\u201d\n<ul>\n \t<li>Most people in the U.S. have measurable amounts of PFAS in their body because PFAS are commonly used in commercial and industrial products.<\/li>\n \t<li>The PFAS blood test is not a clinical test and cannot tell you whether your health has been or will be affected.<\/li>\n \t<li>Many health issues associated with PFAS, such as increased cholesterol and decreased thyroid hormone levels, commonly occur in the population as a whole \u2013 even when not associated with high levels of PFAS in the blood.\n<ul>\n \t<li>These health issues can be caused by many factors, and there is no way to know or predict if PFAS exposure has or will cause your health problem.<\/li>\n \t<li>If you have specific health concerns, please consult your doctor for the best treatment choices for you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>It is complicated to get a PFAS blood test.\n<ul>\n \t<li>It is not a routine clinical test, so you would need to contact a private lab directly to arrange the test and it is unlikely that insurance would cover the cost.<\/li>\n \t<li>There are hundreds of PFAS around us. Labs can only test for a small number of PFAS in blood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n<strong>Laboratories that Offer PFAS Testing\u00a0<\/strong>\n\nVDH does not recommend specific labs and does not know specifics regarding the different tests they offer. The cost for PFAS blood testing is in the $500-800 range, not including fees that a clinic might charge for drawing and shipping the blood.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Vista Analytical Laboratory; 916-673-1520,<a href=\"http:\/\/vista-analytical.com\/\">vista-analytical.com<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li>Quest Diagnostics; 1-866-697-8378;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.questdiagnostics.com\/\">questdiagnostics.com<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li>SGS AXYS; 1-888-373-0881;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sgsaxys.com\/\">sgsaxys.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n<strong>What you can do with your test results\u00a0<\/strong>\n\nYou can compare your levels to those in groups of people nationwide. The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biomonitoring\/index.html\">National Biomonitoring Program<\/a>\u00a0by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tests a very large group of people for PFAS and other chemicals and tells us about average exposures in the U.S. population. These studies can be used to compare your blood test result to what is known about levels in people throughout the country.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-anchor-id=\"home-treatment-options\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header-container\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-header\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-label-home-treatment-options\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-home-treatment-options\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-title sow-accordion-title-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHOME TREATMENT OPTIONS\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-open-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf218;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-close-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf209;\"\n\t\t \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-accordion-panel-content\"\n\t\t\t\trole=\"region\"\n\t\t\t\taria-labelledby=\"accordion-label-home-treatment-options\"\n\t\t\t\tid=\"accordion-content-home-treatment-options\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"display: none;\"\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sow-accordion-panel-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWater treatment in a home to reduce levels of PFAS can be:\n<ul>\n \t<li>At the point of entry (POE) where treatment all of the water entering the household plumbing system occurs, or;<\/li>\n \t<li>At the point of use (POU) which is often at the kitchen sink or primary source of water for drinking or cooking (potentially also including a water line to the refrigerator if it has a plumbed in water line).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nEither type of water treatment has pros and cons that should be considered before selecting the best treatment option for a home. The type of treatment system chosen should consider the volume of water that will be used in the home, the number and location of sites where water is consumed in the home, and the type of PFAS chemical identified in the laboratory result.\n\nIf water for drinking, cooking and making ice is primarily obtained from the kitchen sink, then the installation of a treatment unit below the sink or on the sink faucet is an option. If drinking water and ice are obtained from the refrigerator, then it is important to consider treating the water line to the refrigerator also.\n\nIf drinking water is obtained from multiple locations in a home, then a point of entry, or whole house treatment system may be preferred.\n\nIf possible, it is important to choose a treatment system that has been tested and certified to remove the PFAS present in the water based on data provided from the public water system provider or from a laboratory analysis.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-contact-us\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f47\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f47-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f47-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f47-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f47-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Robert Edelman, PE<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<div>\n<p><strong>Director, Division of Technical Services<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Phone:<\/strong>\u00a0(804) 864-7490<\/p>\n<p><strong>Email:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:Robert.Edelman@vdh.virginia.gov\"><u>Robert.Edelman@vdh.virginia.gov<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f47-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f47-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f47-0-1-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Bailey Davis<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<div>\n<p><strong>Chief of Field Operations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Phone: (804) 928-4811<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Email: <\/strong><a href=\"mailto:Bailey.Davis@vdh.virginia.gov\">Bailey.Davis@vdh.virginia.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-odw-pfas-studies\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f49\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f49-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f49-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f49-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f49-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong><u>Phase 1 Sample Study Summary<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water (ODW), in conjunction with the Virginia Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances (VA PFAS) work group, designed the sample study to prioritize sites for measuring Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) concentrations in drinking water and major sources of water and generate statewide occurrence data, subject to the limitations in 2020 Acts of Assembly Chapter 611 (HB586). The 2020 Acts of Assembly Chapter 611 states that in determining the current levels of PFAS contamination in public drinking water, \u201cthe Department of Health shall sample no more than 50 representative waterworks and major sources of water...\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Phase 1 sampling used a hybrid sampling approach, considering the following information:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Waterworks size and population served;<\/li>\n<li>Known locations of potential PFAS contamination<\/li>\n<li>Military or commercial airports (from U.S. Geological Survey data);<\/li>\n<li>Unlined landfills;<\/li>\n<li>Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) discharge locations;<\/li>\n<li>Discharge points for publicly owned treatment works (POTWs); and<\/li>\n<li>Major river networks in Virginia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ODW selected the 17 largest waterworks in the state, which serve approximately 4.5 million consumers.\u00a0 This group represents 23 raw water sources, 21 water treatment plants, and 12 consecutive connections.\u00a0 ODW selected to monitor drinking water at the entry points to the distribution system, at the water treatment plants, and at consecutive connections at these 17 waterworks.\u00a0 All these samples represent \u201cfinished water,\u201d which means the drinking water has gone through the treatment process before going into the waterworks\u2019 distribution system, i.e., the \u201centry point.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Based on the compilation of potential sources of PFAS contamination, ODW and the PFAS work group selected 11 waterworks that use groundwater as their water source and have a well or wells to withdraw groundwater within 1 mile of potential sources of PFAS contamination.<\/p>\n<p>ODW also identified major surface water supplies for sampling based on potential sources of PFAS contamination that DEQ identified from SIC codes and information in VPDES permits. This identified 45 drinking water intakes potentially impacted by the discharges.\u00a0 ODW prioritized these 45 intakes and selected 22 major sources of water for sampling. ODW sampled surface water intakes or untreated source water as directed by HB586. Overall, a total of 45 waterworks were sampled in Phase 1.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Phase 2 Sample Study Summary<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As follow-up to the PFAS monitoring and occurrence study undertaken in 2021, VDH, through the Office of Drinking Water (ODW) completed a Phase 2 PFAS Sampling Program with samples collected in July 2022, through December 2023, with some follow-up samples collected in early 2024. The purpose of this sampling program was to collect additional data on the occurrence of PFAS in Virginia public drinking water supplies, to assess impact on Virginia waterworks, and to help Virginia waterworks prepare to address PFAS.<\/p>\n<p>Phase 2 sampling used a hybrid sampling approach, sampling at entry points selected with these guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Surface water sources at community waterworks<\/li>\n<li>GUDI sources at community waterworks<\/li>\n<li>Groundwater sources at potential risk from PFAS contamination<\/li>\n<li>Groundwater sources at selected small community waterworks (prioritizing those serving less than 500 persons)<\/li>\n<li>Spread sampling across the counties in the state, to the extent possible<\/li>\n<li>Subject to budget and resource limitations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During 2023, VDH-ODW staff conducted sampling for PFAS at the entry point to the distribution systems. VDH-ODW staff reached out to the selected waterworks to schedule the sampling. VDH contracted with an external laboratory to perform all analyses for the study. The laboratory returned results to VDH following analysis. Following quality assurance\/quality control review of the laboratory reports, VDH-ODW shared the reports with waterworks. Waterworks had no expenses for this sampling.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Phase 3 Sample Study Summary<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Following up on the Phase 1 and Phase 2 PFAS monitoring and occurrence studies, VDH ODW completed a Phase 3 PFAS Sampling Program with samples collected in September 2024 through April 2025. The purpose of this sampling program was to collect additional data on the occurrence of PFAS in Virginia public drinking water supplies, to assess impact on Virginia waterworks, and to help Virginia waterworks prepare to address PFAS.<\/p>\n<p>Phase 3 sampling used a hybrid sampling approach, sampling at entry points selected with these guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Groundwater sources at selected small community waterworks (prioritizing those serving less than 500 persons)<\/li>\n<li>NTNC and community waterworks with groundwater sources at potential risk from PFAS contamination<\/li>\n<li>Not already sampled by VDH ODW<\/li>\n<li>Not covered by Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 5 (UCMR5) sampling<\/li>\n<li>Spread across the counties in the state, to the extent possible<\/li>\n<li>Subject to budget and resource limitations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During 2024 and 2025, VDH-ODW staff conducted sampling for PFAS at the entry point to the distribution systems. VDH-ODW staff reached out to the selected waterworks to schedule the sampling. VDH contracted with an external laboratory to perform all analyses for the study. The laboratory returned results to VDH following analysis. Following quality assurance\/quality control review of the laboratory reports, VDH-ODW shared the reports with waterworks. Waterworks had no expenses for this sampling.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>PFAS Sample Results Summary<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>VDH-ODW has compiled and reviewed the sampling results and performed appropriate quality assurance\/quality control procedures. The sample results from 2021 through 2025 are summarized on the PFAS web page in the ODW PFAS Dashboard. The Dashboard consists of a web map with clickable icons representing the sample locations. VDH provided technical assistance as requested throughout this process to the waterworks.<\/p>\n<p>The following table provides a summary of the PFAS monitoring and occurrence study phases completed. The table contains counts of waterworks (water systems or systems) with sample results above the levels stated in the PFAS Rule (second column from left).<\/p>\n<p>To address the PFAS above EPA\u2019s Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), waterworks will generally need to conduct additional sampling and identify actions, to bring the waterworks into compliance with the PFAS MCLs. Actions may include, but are not limited to, shutting down the source, replacing the source, blending with another source to bring the PFAS levels below the MCLs, or installing treatment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PFAS Sample Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000;\" border=\"1\" width=\"863\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\"><strong>Analyte<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"173\"><strong>Criteria<br \/>\n<\/strong>parts per trillion (ppt)<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Phase 1\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><strong>2021<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"112\"><strong>Phase 2.1 <\/strong><strong>2022<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"119\"><strong>Phase 2.2 <\/strong><strong>2023<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"110\"><strong>Phase 3 <\/strong><strong>2024-2025<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"130\"><strong>Total**<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">PFOA<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 4.0)<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">4 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">5 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">22 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">30 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">PFOS<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 4.0)<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">5 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">3 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">9 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">13 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">25 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">GenX<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 10)*<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">1 system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">PFBS<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 2000)*<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">PFNA<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 10)*<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"99\">PFHxS<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">(above 10)*<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">3 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">4 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"272\">Hazard Index (above 1; see above*)<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">2 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"272\">Waterworks to Address PFAS<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">26<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"272\">Waterworks Sampled<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">45<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">48<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">221<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">228<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">476<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"272\">Population Served<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">5,226,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"112\">557,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"119\">3,934,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">71,680<\/td>\n<td width=\"130\">5,984,944<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>** Total includes some systems that were sampled in both Phase 1 and Phase 2; these systems were counted once in the total<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If you have questions about the Phase 2 PFAS sampling program, please contact:<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 208px;\" width=\"579\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"288\"><strong>Robert Edelman, PE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Director of Technical Services,<br \/>\nOffice of Drinking Water<\/p>\n<p>804-864-7490<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"mailto:Robert.Edelman@vdh.virginia.gov\">Robert.Edelman@vdh.virginia.gov<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"372\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane  fade\" id=\"tab-ucmr-5-data\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"pl-w69aec6a926f4b\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w69aec6a926f4b-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w69aec6a926f4b-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w69aec6a926f4b-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w69aec6a926f4b-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong>UCMR\u202f5 Monitoring in Virginia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR\u202f5) is an EPA program running from January\u202f2023 through December\u202f2025. It requires selected public water systems (PWS) to test for 29 PFAS compounds and lithium in drinking water. This effort helps fill critical data gaps on unregulated contaminants and informs future regulatory decisions to support future quality water protections.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 All community and non-transient non-community water systems serving populations of 3,300 or more, as well as a representative sample of systems serving fewer than 3,300 persons, must conduct monitoring during a single 12-month period within this three-year timeframe.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 Samples are collected at entry points to the distribution system. Surface water (SW) systems and those with groundwater influenced by surface water (GU) sample quarterly, while groundwater-only (GW) systems sample semi-annually.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 Laboratories analyze samples by EPA Methods 533 and 537.1, ensuring detection of low-level PFAS compounds.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 UCMR 5 monitoring broadens Virginia\u2019s understanding of PFAS occurrence throughout the state and informs waterworks of a need to take action to meet National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) Maximum Contaminant Limits (MCLs) by 2029. Virginia waterworks can use the UCMR 5 data to satisfy initial monitoring requirements of the PFAS Rule. UCMR 5 data released to date include results received as of January 15, 2026, representing approximately 95% of the total data expected by EPA. The final data release is scheduled for fall 2026.<\/p>\n<p>The Office of Drinking Water (ODW) is working closely with waterworks to ensure compliance with UCMR 5 reporting requirements. Systems that completed UCMR 5 sampling in 2025 must include results in their annual Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs), offering transparent public disclosure. These results will guide treatment strategies and regulatory planning for PFAS in Virginia.<\/p>\n<p>PFAS Results Summary from UCMR 5 Monitoring in Virginia as of February 12, 2026.<\/p>\n<table width=\"696\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"132\"><strong>Analyte<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"84\"><strong>MCL (ng\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"5\" width=\"480\"><strong>Waterworks with at least 1 MCL exceedance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>GW<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>SW<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>GU<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>Mixed<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">PFOS<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">4.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">6 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">10 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">17 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">PFOA<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">4.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">6 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">7 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">14 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">HFPO-DA<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">2 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">2 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">PFHxS<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">3 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">6 systems<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">10 systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">PFNA<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">Hazard Index (HI)<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">1 (unitless)<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">None<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">1 system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"216\"><strong>Waterworks sampled <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">26<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">127<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">14<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">171<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"216\"><strong>Population Served<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">150,227<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">6,697,396<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">127,644<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">60,823<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">7,036,090<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Mixtures containing two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"panel-3901-2-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"4\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<div id=\"x_x_Signature\" class=\"x_elementToProof\">\n<h3 class=\"x_elementToProof\"><b><a id=\"phase4\"><\/a>P<span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">FAS Phase 4: Free PFAS Monitoring Support for Small Waterworks<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<div class=\"x_elementToProof\">\n<p>To help meet the upcoming PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) requirements, the Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water (VDH ODW) is offering <strong>no-cost PFAS sampling<\/strong> <strong>and analysis <\/strong>for community (C) and non-transient noncommunity (NTNC) public water systems that rely on groundwater and serve populations of 10,000 or fewer.<\/p>\n<p>Under the federal PFAS Rule, small groundwater waterworks must complete <strong>two sampling rounds<\/strong> at each entry point to the distribution system (EPTDS), spaced 5\u20137 months apart. The initial monitoring and reporting compliance deadline is April 27, 2027. Waterworks must complete the initial monitoring and reporting, including reporting the analytical results to VDH ODW by this deadline.<\/p>\n<p>Through a partnership with <strong>TruePani Inc<\/strong>., participating systems receive free:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sample collection by trained field staff<\/li>\n<li>Laboratory analysis through a certified lab<\/li>\n<li>Results reporting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you have already completed one sampling round, TruePani can complete your second round at no cost. Sampling typically takes 15\u201330 minutes per entry point.<\/p>\n<p><strong>To sign up, scan the QR code or visit truepani.com\/vapfas. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Take advantage of this free service to achieve compliance and protect your community\u2019s water quality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x_elementToProof\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"x_elementToProof\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8967\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"803\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-1536x977.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic.jpg 1650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PFAS Phase 4: Free PFAS Monitoring Support for Small Waterworks On 5\/14\/2025, EPA announced its intent to revise the existing NPDWR PFAS rule. A copy of the EPA announcement can be found here. For overview of key points from the announcement and what they mean for waterworks can be found here. &#8211; Updated 3\/5\/26 PFAS [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":311,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3901","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water - Drinking Water<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/pfas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water - Drinking Water\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PFAS Phase 4: Free PFAS Monitoring Support for Small Waterworks On 5\/14\/2025, EPA announced its intent to revise the existing NPDWR PFAS rule. 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For overview of key points from the announcement and what they mean for waterworks can be found here. - Updated 3\/5\/26 PFAS [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/pfas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Drinking Water\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-18T20:09:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/PFASMonitoringGraphic.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1650\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"36 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/\",\"name\":\"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water - Drinking Water\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/14\\\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-300x191.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-08-19T15:18:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-18T20:09:29+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/14\\\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-300x191.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/14\\\/PFASMonitoringGraphic-300x191.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/pfas\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"PFAS\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/\",\"name\":\"Drinking Water\",\"description\":\"To promote and protect the health of all Virginians\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\\\/drinking-water\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water - Drinking Water","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/drinking-water\/pfas\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water - Drinking Water","og_description":"PFAS Phase 4: Free PFAS Monitoring Support for Small Waterworks On 5\/14\/2025, EPA announced its intent to revise the existing NPDWR PFAS rule. 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